ELEMENTS OF POETRY

PREFACE

Alhamdulillahirobbil ‘alamin, all praise be to the almighty Allah SWT, the most Gracious and Most Merciful who always guide and protects me in every step we take in we life. Because of His guidance, blessing and love, finally we could finish this paper.

It would not have been possible to write this paper without the help and support of the kind people around me. In any case, we are  indebted to them for making the time during we study an unforgettable experience. We owe we deepest appreciation and  gratitude to our lecture, Andriadi, MA, who kindly helped and supported we during the process of we study and has always been patient to give me his advices.

We hope that this paper is useful for the readers and beneficial to the English teaching and learning process.However, we realize that it is far from being perfect,and therefore,any criticisms,ideas and suggestions for its improvement will be greatly appreciated.

Bengkulu, November 10^th2018

Authors

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A.    BACKROUND

English as one of the subjects in schools has an important role because English is a foreign language, an international language which is widely used in communication by people in most countries in the world. Furthermore, English is often used in writing science books, journals, or articles about knowledge and technology. Therefore, in order to be able to develop science, knowledge, and technology, and to communicate with people from other countries, English is taught in Indonesia as a foreign language from junior high schools until universities. English is taught at schools in order that students are able to master the four skills, they are listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Harmer (2007: 265).

English as one of the subjects in schools has an important role because English is a foreign language, an international language which is widely used in communication by people in most countries in the world. Furthermore, English is often used in writing science books, journals, or articles about knowledge and technology. Therefore, in order to be able to develop science, knowledge, and technology, and to communicate with people from other countries, English is taught in Indonesia as a foreign language from junior high schools until universities. English is taught at schools in order that students are able to master the four skills, they are listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Harmer (2007: 265).

During the 70s poetry was very popular with poets. The evidence is there, for example, in the past there were songs whose lyrics were from poetry. During the heyday of poetry, poetry was not only an expression of love for the opposite sex but also as a criticism of the government, for someone who meritorious, or someone they hate. But now poetry is not too popular anymore because the comparison of technological advances is not comparable with the thoughts and feelings of the people so that someone prioritizes the installation rather than a process.

Because the comparison is not balanced so that people, especially teenagers, are no longer too interested in poetry, that's not all that very famous poetry has begun to be forgotten. More and more people will forget about poetry such as: the types, the structure, the differences, and so on.

For that I made this paper titled "poetry" so that we can remember it, study it, and also understand the differences, and the structure is clearer so that we can make our own poetry. What if we can make poetry and better understand the difference in structure so that we new generations can popularize poetry again.

B. PURPOSE FORMULATION

1)     What is poetry?

2)     What is the elements of poetry?

C. PURPOSE OF PAPER

1)     To know the meaning of poetry

2)     To understanding the elements of poetry

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A.    Poetry

Poetry is one of the oldest genres in literary history. Its earliest examples go back to ancient Greek literature. In spite of this long tradition, it is harder to define than any other genre. Poetry is closely related to the term “lyric,” which derives etymologically from the Greek musical instrument “lyra” (“lyre” or “harp”) and points to an origin in the sphere of music. In classical antiquity as well as in the Middle Ages, minstrels recited poetry, accompanied by the lyre or other musical instruments. The term “poetry,” however, goes back to the Greek word “poieo” (“to make,” “to produce”), indicating that the poet is the person who “makes” verse. Although etymology sheds light on some of the aspects of the lyric and the poetic, it cannot offer a satisfactory explanation of the phenomenon as such.[1]

Poetry (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term, poiesis, "making") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic.[2]

Poetry is a form in literary works that comes from the results of a feeling expressed by poets with languages that use rhythm, rhymes, matras, stanzas and the preparation of lyrics that contain meaning.

According to poetry experts are:       

 Herman Waluyo: Understanding poetry according to Herman Waluyo is the earliest written literary work written by humans

Sumardi: Understanding poetry according to Sumardi is a literary work with a language that is compacted, abbreviated, and given a rhythm with unified sounds and the selection of kias (imaginative) words

Thomash carlye: Understanding poetry according to Thomas Carlyle is a musical expression of thoughts.

James Reevas: Understanding poetry according to James Reevas that the meaning of poetry is an expression of language that is rich and full of charm.

Pradopo: Definition of poetry is a recording and interpretation of important human experiences, changed in the most memorable form.

Herbert spencer: Understanding poetry is a form of pronunciation of emotional ideas by considering the beauty.[3]

Based on definition above we can conclude that poetry is a written art written by a poet using a language that contains aesthetic values and has semantic meaning.

B.    Element of Poetry

Poetry have some element that used to write down by the poets in theirs poetry, for more explanation we can see the material bellow with the example from this poetry.

IN THE TRAIN BY JAMES THOMPSON we rush, as we rush in the Train,    The trees and the houses go wheeling back, But the starry heavens above the plain    Come flying on our track. All the beautiful stars of the sky,    The silver doves of the forest of Night, Over the dull earth swarm and fly,    Companions of our flight. We will rush ever on without fear;    Let the goal be far, the flight be fleet! For we carry the Heavens with us, dear,    While the Earth slips from our feet!

1.     Sound Stratum

a.     Sounds orchestration

In this poet, the poets use euphonhy(the word that having pleasant and harmonious effects) to get the poetics and value of art in his poet. We can see in the poet thare are some sound that having harmoniuos like : the example of euphonhy can be seen in the following poetries.

we rush, as we rush in the Train,    The trees and the houses go wheeling back, But the starry heavens above the plain    Come flying on our track. (in the train, by james thomson)

rush(r) – Train(r) in the first line and then

trees (s) – houses(s) in the second line

starry(s) -  heavens(s)/(v) – above(v)

b.     Combination of certain vocal and consonant

1)     Assonance

 Assonance takes place when two or more words close to one another repeat the same vowel sound but start with different consonant sounds. Assonance is primarily used in poetry in order to add rhythm and music, by adding an internal rhyme to a poem.[4]

In this poetry we can find that any assonance here, example in third stanza.

We will rush ever on without fear;    Let the goal be far, the flight be fleet! For we carry the Heavens with us, dear,    While the Earth slips from our feet! (in the train, by james thomson)

                        Let(et) the goal be far, the flight be fleet(et)

For we carry(ar) the Heavens with us, dear(ar)

2)     Alliteration

Alliteration is derived from Latin’s “Latira”. It means “letters of alphabet”. It is a stylistic device in which a number of words, having the same first consonant sound, occur close together in a series. [5]

Based on theory above we can conclude that Two or more words which have the same initial sound,

• Example:

we can see in this poet

we rush, as we rush in the Train,    The trees and the houses go wheeling back, But the starry heavens above the plain    Come flying on our track. All the beautiful stars of the sky,  The silver doves of the forest of Night, Over the dull earth swarm and fly,    Companions of our flight. We will rush ever on without fear;    Let the goal be far, the flight be fleet! For we carry the Heavens with us, dear,    While the Earth slipsfrom our feet! (in the train, by james thomson)

3). Repetition

In this poetry we can find the word that use twice in one line for example we can see in the first stanza in this poetry.

we rush, as we rush in the Train,
   The trees and the houses go wheeling back,
But the starry heavens above the plain
   Come flying on our track.

c.      Sound symbol

1). Anomatopoea

Onomatopoeia is words that sound like that which they describe - Boom! Crash! Pow! Quack! Moo!Caress...[6]

In this poet did not have the annomatopoea or the poets did not use anomatopoea here.

d.     Rhyme

Rhyme is the repetition of similar sounds. In poetry, the most common kind of rhyme is the end rhyme, which occurs at the end of two or more lines. It is usually identified with lower case letters, and a new letter is used to identify each new end sound.[7] Take a look at the rhyme scheme for the following poem :

The rhyme scheme or pattern of  rhyme in this poetry is:

we rush, as we rush in the Train,
   The trees and the houses go wheeling back,
But the starry heavens above the plain
   Come flying on our track.
The rhyme scheme or pattern of  rhyme in first stanza is AAAA
All the beautiful stars of the sky,
   The silver doves of the forest of Night,
Over the dull earth swarm and fly,
   Companions of our flight.
The rhyme scheme or pattern of  rhyme in Second stanza is BABA
We will rush ever on without fear;
   Let the goal be far, the flight be fleet!
For we carry the Heavens with us, dear,
   While the Earth slips from our feet!

The rhyme scheme or pattern of  rhyme in last stanza is AAAA

e.      Rhythm

Rhythm is a literary device which demonstrates the long and short patterns through stressed and unstressed syllables particularly in verse form. Rhythm in writing acts as beat does in music. The use of rhythm in poetry arises from the need that some words are to be produced more strongly than others. They might be stressed for longer period of time.[8] Example:

f.       Line lenght

In this poetry the each of line has around about 8(eight) word. We can see in the poetry :

we rush, as we rush in the Train, (8 words)
   The trees and the houses go wheeling back,(8 words)
But the starry heavens above the plain (7 words)
   Come flying on our track. (5 words)

All the beautiful stars of the sky, (7 words)
   The silver doves of the forest of Night, (8 words)
Over the dull earth swarm and fly, (7 words)
   Companions of our flight. (4 words)

We will rush ever on without fear; (7 words)
   Let the goal be far, the flight be fleet! (9 words)
For we carry the Heavens with us, dear, (8 words)
   While the Earth slips from our feet! (7 words)

In conclusion, the poets use 4 (four) until 9(nine) words in line of each stanza.

2. Words

a.     Word and diction

We can see in this poetry the poets use the words that can often serve multiple purpose, given their presence and arrangement. As a result the readers should be know about the meaning but have the different view. For example “Come flying on our track”. All of readers should be consider different meaning.

b.     Vocabulary

In this poetry the poets use the complex word to draw his purpose of this poetry, the poets choose the word that have multiple meaning. We can see in this poetry in the first line  we rush, as we rush in the Train,

“Rush” is word that is used by poets that have multiple meaning. “Rush” can be “fast” , “soon” , “chase away” etc.

c.      Syntax

The poets use the ordinary syntax, i think it use to make the readers easy to know about the meaning of this poetry. We can see in the first line of  third stanza.

“We will rush ever on without fear”

The poets pure follow the structure and grammar in writing literary work.

d.     How vocabullary and syntax interact

Vocabulary in this poetry is so complex, but the syntax is follow the rule of grammar, it mean that the poets give the way to readers to understand what he said.

e.      Denotation (literal) and connotation (suggestive meaning)

In this poetry the word that include in denotation or literal meaning are:

we rush, as we rush in the Train,
   The trees and the houses go wheeling back,
But the starry heavens above the plain
   Come flying on our track.

All the beautiful stars of the sky,
   The silver doves of the forest of Night,
Over the dull earth swarm and fly,
   Companions of our flight.

We will rush ever on without fear;
   Let the goal be far, the flight be fleet!
For we carry the Heavens with us, dear,
   While the Earth slips from our feet!

And the another words have the suggestion meaning. Its  mean that they include in connotation. We can see in this poetry there are many word which have suggetion meaning:

we rush, as we rush in the Train,
   The trees and the housesgo wheeling back,
But the starry heavens above the plain
   Come flying on our track.

All the beautiful stars of the sky,
   The silver doves of the forest of Night,
Over the dull earth swarm and fly,
   Companions of our flight.

We will rush ever onwithout fear;
   Let the goal be far, the flight be fleet!
For we carry the Heavens with us, dear,
   While the Earth slips from our feet!

All of the word that underlined and bolded are the words that need suggest and understanding meaning.

Tains aesthetic values and has semantic meaning.

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. CONCLUSION

               Poetry is a form in literary works that comes from the results of a feeling expressed by poets with languages that use rhythm, rhymes, matras, stanzas and the preparation of lyrics that contain meaning. Poetry have some element that used to write down by the poets in poetry, are as follows:Sound Stratum and Words. Sound is devided into several parts, namely sounds orchestration, combination of certain vocal and consonant, sound symbol, rhyme, rhythm, and line length. While the words section consists of word and diction, vocabulary, syntax, how vocabulary and syntax interact, and denotation (literal) and connotation (suggestive meaning).

REFERENCES

Klarer Mario,2004. An Introduction to Literatury Studies.

Poetry. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. 2013.

https://satujam.com/pengertian-puisi/

http://literarydevices.net/assonance/

http://literarydevices.net/alliteration/

https://learn.lexiconic.net/elementsofpoetry.htm

https://learn.lexiconic.net/elementsofpoetry.htm

https://learn.lexiconic.net/elementsofpoetry.htm

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[1]Klarer Mario,2004. An Introduction to Literatury Studies. Pg27

[2]"Poetry". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. 2013.

[3]https://satujam.com/pengertian-puisi/

[4] http://literarydevices.net/assonance/

[5] http://literarydevices.net/alliteration/

[6]https://learn.lexiconic.net/elementsofpoetry.htm

[7]https://learn.lexiconic.net/elementsofpoetry.htm

[8]https://learn.lexiconic.net/elementsofpoetry.htm