PROSE AND POETRY(Gender Studies)
“Gender
Studies”
1.
Definition
of Gender
Gender
is the apparent differences between woman and man in terms of values and
behaviors.[1] In gender studies the term gender refers
to proposed social and cultural constructions of masculinities and
femininities. In this context, gender explicitly excludes reference
to biological differences, to focus on cultural differences.[2]
Based
on the above opinion can be concluded that gender is a trait as a basis for
identifying the differences between man and woman in terms of social and
cultural conditions, values and behavior, mentality, and the emotions and
unbiology factors.
Talking
about gender, there are some part of this are : about feminism, LGBT, and
sexuality.
2.
Definition of
Feminist Criticism
Feminist literary criticism is an
appropriate approach used to reveal many subordination and oppression of women. In this context, feminist theory is expected
to reveal the veil that covers the certain message inside the literary
works and reclaim the opinions in literature externally.[3]
In
general, feminism is a movement that aims to achieve a balance degree and the
treatment of women with men. This applies balance or equality in all aspects of
political, social, and education. Feminism as a movement first appeared in
Europe and the US in the 18th century. At that time women were banned from the
election, higher education, and the plunge in the certain professions .
Issues
that was carried by the feminist movement of Europe and the US, among others,
is the fulfillment of the right to work outside the home, education, equality
obligations in educating children, the use of contraceptives and abortion. In
addition, the movement demanded equality in wages to men, to women's
representation in politics. Feminist literary theory is a theory that connects
the women's movement in literature. Feminist literary theory have much to
contribute the development of cultural studies.
Feminism
is focusing on the importance of awareness of equality between women and men in
all areas. Feminism tried to deconstruct the system who were suspected of
causing the group to dominate and be dominated, system of hegemony and the
birth of subordinate groups. In short, feminism reject injustice patriarchal
society, rejecting history and philosophy as a discipline centered on male.[4]
Feminist
literary criticism today is a direct result of the "women's movement"
in the 1960s. Of aspects that are important, it is literary movement since the
beginning, in the sense that he is aware of the significance of the "Image
of Women" were distributed by literature, and considers that it is
important to fight it and to question authority and coherence.[5]
Based
on the above opinion can be concluded that feminism is a movement fully equal
rights between women and men in all areas and activities aimed at defending the
rights of women.
3. Woman
Representation
According
to Wellek and Warren (1995: 238)
states that the imagery is visual, a process sensing or perception, but also
"represent" or refers to something invisible, something inside.
According Sumardjo and Saini (1986: 10)
the imagery is the image of ideas,
fictional feelings that arise in a person's consciousness.
Based
on the above opinion can be concluded that the image is the image or reflection
on a matter or object obtained from the sensing or a person's consciousness is
both visual and nonvisual nature. Thus it can be stated also that the image is
closely related to mental processes and physical processes in humans as giving
the meaning of the image.
The
image of women is a form of mental pictures of spiritual and everyday behavior
expressed by women in its various aspects, namely physical and psychological
aspects of self image of women as well as aspects of the family and society as
a social image (Sugihastuti, 2000: 7).
Woman
representation can be classified based on the physical, psychological, and
social.[6]
a) Woman
Representation of the Physical Aspects
The image of
women in terms of the physical, the picture of the woman who visits based on
the physical characteristics or external, such as age, sex, state of the body
and face characteristics. For example,
in The awakening and selected stories by
Kate Chopin woman representation of the physical aspects are a pretty woman
that eyebrows were a shade darker than hair. Find in the novel :
“She
was a fresh, pretty woman, clad always in white with elbow sleeves. Her
starched skirts crinkled as she came and went.”[7]
“Her eyebrows were a shade darker
than her hair. They were thick and almost horizontal, emphasizing the depth of
her eyes.”[8]
b) Woman
Representation of the Psychologicals
Woman
representation in terms of psychological or psychiatric, namely a picture of
women in terms of psychological, such as mentality, moral standards, can
distinguish between good and bad, and between right and wrong, temperament,
desires and personal feelings, attitudes and behavior, and IQ (intelligence
Quantent) or level of intelligence.
For example, in
the awakening and selected stories by Kate Chopin novel representation of
women of
the psychological are a woman who is busy with his business so did not
have time to rest remedy, and therefore she was depressed by the reality of his
life.
“Edna began to feel like one who
awakens gradually out of a dream, a delicious, grotesque, impossible dream, to
feel again the realities pressing into her soul. The physical need for sleep
began to overtake her; the exuberance which had sustained and exalted her
spirit left her helpless and yielding to the conditions which crowded her in.” [9]
c) Woman
Representation of the Social Aspects
Woman
representation in terms of social, that picture of the woman is seen by the
sociological characteristics, namely employment, position, role in society,
level of education, philosophy of life, religion, beliefs, ideology,
nationality, ethnicity and personal life.
For example, in
the awakening and selected stories by Kate Chopin woman representation of the
social aspects are Mrs. Pontellier does not devote all her energy to her
husband and her children, and in Mr. Pontellier's eyes, this makes her an
imperfect wife and mother. Their children are able to take care of themselves
on a minute-by-minute basis, which indicates to him that she is occupying
herself with other concerns and that constant child surveillance is not a
wholly fulfilling occupation for her. In other words, Mrs. Pontellier wants
more than to be a mother.
“He reproached his wife with her
inattention, her habitual neglect of the children. If it was not a mother's
place to look after children, whose on earth was it? He himself had his hands
full with his brokerage business.”[10]
REFERENCES
Barry, petter, 2010. Beginning
Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory (Yogyakarta:
Jalasutra)
Booker M. Keith: A practical introduction to literary theory
and criticism. University of arkansas. 1996
Iser, Wolfgang. The Implied Reader: Patterns of
Communication in Prose.Fiction from Bunyan to Beckett. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press,
1978.
Jauss, Hans Robert. Aesthetic Experience and
Literary Hermeneutics. Translated by Michael Shaw. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982.
Ruthven, K.K, 1984. Feminist Literary Studies: An Introduction
(Cambridge University Press)
Satoto, Soediro, 1994. Metode Penilitian Sastra II. (Surakarta:
Universitas Sebelas Maret Press)
Tranton, Teguh, 2009. Jurnal Pemikiran Alternative Kependidikan:
Pendidikan Gender Berbasis Sastra. (Purwokerto: Insania)
Victoria Neufeldt (ed.), 1984: 561 in modul sosiologi komunikasi by dra.
Siti komsiah, M.Si was accessed on April 20 2016, at 19.20 Pm
[1]
Victoria
Neufeldt (ed.), 1984: 561 in modul
sosiologi komunikasi by dra. Siti komsiah, M.Si was accessed on April 20
2016, at 19.20 Pm
[3]Ruthven,
K.K, 1984. Feminist Literary Studies: An
Introduction (Cambridge University Press)
[4] Tranton, Teguh, 2009. Jurnal Pemikiran Alternative Kependidikan:
Pendidikan Gender Berbasis Sastra. (Purwokerto: Insania)
[5] Barry, petter, 2010. Beginning
Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory (Yogyakarta:
Jalasutra)
[6] Satoto, Soediro, 1994. Metode Penilitian Sastra II. (Surakarta:
Universitas Sebelas Maret Press)
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